Current Affairs 12th March 2025
Current Affairs 12th March 2025 by Saurabh Pandey Sir
● Urine is known as ‘liquid gold. It is packed with phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen in the form of urea, the ‘Big Three’ nutrients that fuel plant growth and form the backbone of commercial fertilizers
● An adult produces 450-680 litres of urine. which is 95% water, yet the annual output also contains around 4 kg of nitrogen and 0.3 kg of phosphorus, enough to grow wheat for one loaf of bread every day for a whole year
● Researchers found they could maximise percarbamide production by holding the concentration of urea between 15% and 38%.
● ‘When the solid product is used as fertilizer, nitrogen is released slowly. It also promotes root respiration and crop growth when urea forms hydrogen bonds with hydrogen peroxide, it forms percarbamide, a white, crystalline solid that can be precipitated out from urine with high purity.
● Percabadmide is known for its ability to steadily release active oxygen, making it a valuable candidate for processes that need to supply oxygen for other chemical reactions.
● Another key trait of this substance is its ability to accelerate the recovery of urea from urine. To take advantage of this property, the researchers developed an in-situ electrochemical technique that uses graphitic carbon-based catalysts to convert urea in urine into percarbamide.
● Achieving almost 100% purity, the team used this process to effectively extract percarbamide from both human and animal urine.
● Graphite is a soft crystal made of carbon atoms. Activated graphitic carbon is a porous form of graphite subsequently modified to further increase its surface area, making it more reactive. The Hindu Polygraph Definition: A polygraph, commonly known as a lie-detector test, is primarily used by police during interrogations.
📊 Functionality: It records physiological functions such as blood pressure, heartbeat, respiration, and perspiration to assess truthfulness.
Measurement Tools: The psychogalvanic skin reflex, an electrodermal response, and the flow of current between different parts of the body are also measured. Sensitive electrodes are used to pick up the impulses, which are recorded on a moving graph paper
📈 Data Interpretation: The recorded data is analyzed to determine if a suspect is lying based on deviations from normal physiological responses.
❌ Scientific Consensus: Current scientific opinion holds that polygraphs are ineffective, unreliable, and can be easily manipulated.
🏛 Historical Context: The modern polygraph was developed in 1921 by John Larson and a police officer and has been in use since 1924.
⚖ Legal Status: Despite its long history, polygraph results are not accepted as definitive proof of truthfulness in court. Summary: The polygraph, a lie-detector test used in police interrogations, measures physiological responses but is deemed unreliable and not admissible in court
